https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/Recent content on Finnish NotesHugoenhttps://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/01-alphabet/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/01-alphabet/<h1 id="aakkoset---alphabet-"> Aakkoset - Alphabet 🔤 <a class="anchor" href="#aakkoset---alphabet-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="finnish-alphabet"> Finnish Alphabet <a class="anchor" href="#finnish-alphabet">#</a> </h2> <p>The Finnish alphabet consists of 29 letters.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Letter</th> <th>Pronunciation</th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Pronunciation</th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Pronunciation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>[aa]</td> <td>K</td> <td>[koo]</td> <td>U</td> <td>[uu]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>B</td> <td>[bee]</td> <td>L</td> <td>[äl]</td> <td>V</td> <td>[vee]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>C</td> <td>[see]</td> <td>M</td> <td>[äm]</td> <td>W</td> <td>[kaksois-vee]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>D</td> <td>[dee]</td> <td>N</td> <td>[än]</td> <td>X</td> <td>[äks]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>E</td> <td>[ee]</td> <td>O</td> <td>[oo]</td> <td>Y</td> <td>[yy]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>F</td> <td>[äf]</td> <td>P</td> <td>[pee]</td> <td>Z</td> <td>[tseta]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>G</td> <td>[gee]</td> <td>Q</td> <td>[kuu]</td> <td>Å</td> <td>[ruotsalainen oo]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>H</td> <td>[hoo]</td> <td>R</td> <td>[är]</td> <td>Ä</td> <td>[ää]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>[ii]</td> <td>S</td> <td>[äs]</td> <td>Ö</td> <td>[öö]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>J</td> <td>[jii]</td> <td>T</td> <td>[tee]</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/01-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-1/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/01-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-1/<h1 id="suomen-mestari-1---kappale-1-hei-ja-tervetuloa-"> Suomen Mestari 1 - Kappale 1: Hei ja tervetuloa! 📚 <a class="anchor" href="#suomen-mestari-1---kappale-1-hei-ja-tervetuloa-">#</a> </h1> <blockquote> <p><strong>Source:</strong> Suomen mestari 1<br> <strong>Chapter:</strong> Kappale 1<br> <strong>Topic:</strong> Greetings and introductions</p> </blockquote> <hr> <h2 id="dialogue-1-at-the-classroom"> Dialogue 1: At the Classroom <a class="anchor" href="#dialogue-1-at-the-classroom">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Alex: Anteeksi, onko täällä suomen kurssi?</strong><br> <em>Excuse me, is there a Finnish course here?</em></p> <ul> <li><strong>Anteeksi</strong> - Excuse me / Sorry (fixed expression)</li> <li><strong>onko</strong> - is there / is (question form) [olla → on → onko]</li> <li><strong>täällä</strong> - here</li> <li><strong>suomen</strong> - Finnish (genitive case) [suomi → suomen]</li> <li><strong>kurssi</strong> - course</li> </ul> <blockquote> <p>&ldquo;onko&rdquo; forms yes/no questions; suomen is genitive, modifying kurssi.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/01-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-1/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/01-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-1/https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/02-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-2/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/02-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-2/<h1 id="suomen-mestari-1---kappale-2-minkämaalainen-sinä-olet-"> Suomen Mestari 1 - Kappale 2: Minkämaalainen sinä olet? 📚 <a class="anchor" href="#suomen-mestari-1---kappale-2-mink%c3%a4maalainen-sin%c3%a4-olet-">#</a> </h1> <blockquote> <p><strong>Source:</strong> Suomen mestari 1<br> <strong>Chapter:</strong> Kappale 2<br> <strong>Topic:</strong> Nationality, languages, and where you live</p> </blockquote> <hr> <h2 id="text-1"> Text 1 <a class="anchor" href="#text-1">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Kurssi loppuu kello 20.</strong><br> <em>The course ends at 8 PM.</em></p> <ul> <li><strong>loppuu</strong> - ends (loppua, 3rd person singular)</li> <li><strong>kello 20</strong> - 8 PM (24-hour format)</li> </ul> <hr> <p><strong>Muut opiskelijat menevät kotiin, mutta Alex, Olga ja Pedro menevät kioskille.</strong><br> <em>The other students go home, but Alex, Olga and Pedro go to the kiosk.</em></p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/02-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-2/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/02-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-2/https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/02-vowel-harmony/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/02-vowel-harmony/<h1 id="vokaaliharmonia---vowel-harmony-"> Vokaaliharmonia - Vowel Harmony 🎵 <a class="anchor" href="#vokaaliharmonia---vowel-harmony-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="what-is-vowel-harmony"> What is Vowel Harmony? <a class="anchor" href="#what-is-vowel-harmony">#</a> </h2> <p>Vowel harmony (vokaaliharmonia or vokaalisointu) is a fundamental rule in Finnish that influences every verb and noun when conjugated or inflected. It determines which vowels can appear together in a word and which suffix variants to use.</p> <h2 id="the-basic-rule"> The Basic Rule <a class="anchor" href="#the-basic-rule">#</a> </h2> <p>Finnish vowels are divided into two main groups. In general, within one word, you will only find vowels from one group OR from the other group. The two groups don&rsquo;t normally mix.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/03-numbers/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/03-numbers/<h1 id="numerot---numbers-"> Numerot - Numbers 🔢 <a class="anchor" href="#numerot---numbers-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="basic-numbers-0-20"> Basic Numbers (0-20) <a class="anchor" href="#basic-numbers-0-20">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Finnish</th> <th>Number</th> <th>Finnish</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>nolla</td> <td>11</td> <td>yksitoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>yksi</td> <td>12</td> <td>kaksitoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>kaksi</td> <td>13</td> <td>kolmetoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>kolme</td> <td>14</td> <td>neljätoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>neljä</td> <td>15</td> <td>viisitoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>viisi</td> <td>16</td> <td>kuusitoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>kuusi</td> <td>17</td> <td>seitsemäntoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>seitsemän</td> <td>18</td> <td>kahdeksantoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>kahdeksan</td> <td>19</td> <td>yhdeksäntoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>yhdeksän</td> <td>20</td> <td>kaksikymmentä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>kymmenen</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="tens-20-90"> Tens (20-90) <a class="anchor" href="#tens-20-90">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Finnish</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>kaksikymmentä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>kolmekymmentä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>neljäkymmentä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>viisikymmentä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>kuusikymmentä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>seitsemänkymmentä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>kahdeksankymmentä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>yhdeksänkymmentä</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="compound-numbers"> Compound Numbers <a class="anchor" href="#compound-numbers">#</a> </h2> <p>To form numbers like 21, 22, etc., combine tens with ones:</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/03-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-3/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/03-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-3/<h1 id="suomen-mestari-1---kappale-3-pedro-soittaa-mikolle-"> Suomen Mestari 1 - Kappale 3: Pedro soittaa Mikolle 📚 <a class="anchor" href="#suomen-mestari-1---kappale-3-pedro-soittaa-mikolle-">#</a> </h1> <blockquote> <p><strong>Source:</strong> Suomen mestari 1<br> <strong>Chapter:</strong> Kappale 3<br> <strong>Topic:</strong> Weather, work, and daily life</p> </blockquote> <hr> <h2 id="text-1"> Text 1 <a class="anchor" href="#text-1">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Mikko on Pedron hyvä ystävä.</strong><br> <em>Mikko is Pedro&rsquo;s good friend.</em></p> <ul> <li><strong>ystävä</strong> - friend</li> <li><strong>Pedron</strong> - Pedro&rsquo;s (genitive) [Pedro → Pedron]</li> <li><strong>hyvä ystävä</strong> - good friend</li> </ul> <hr> <p><strong>Mikko on suomalainen, mutta hän asuu nyt São Paolossa, Brasiliassa.</strong><br> <em>Mikko is Finnish, but he now lives in São Paulo, Brazil.</em></p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/03-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-3/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/03-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-3/https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/04-days-of-week/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/04-days-of-week/<h1 id="viikonpäivät---days-of-the-week-"> Viikonpäivät - Days of the Week 📅 <a class="anchor" href="#viikonp%c3%a4iv%c3%a4t---days-of-the-week-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="basic-vocabulary"> Basic Vocabulary <a class="anchor" href="#basic-vocabulary">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>viikko</strong> = week</p> <h2 id="days-of-the-week"> Days of the Week <a class="anchor" href="#days-of-the-week">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Question</th> <th>Answer</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Mikä päivä tänään on?</td> <td>(Today is&hellip;)</td> <td>What day is today?</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Finnish</th> <th>When? (Milloin?)</th> <th>On that day</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>maanantai</td> <td>maanantaina</td> <td>on Monday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tiistai</td> <td>tiistaina</td> <td>on Tuesday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>keskiviikko</td> <td>keskiviikkona</td> <td>on Wednesday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>torstai</td> <td>torstaina</td> <td>on Thursday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>perjantai</td> <td>perjantaina</td> <td>on Friday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lauantai</td> <td>lauantaina</td> <td>on Saturday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sunnuntai</td> <td>sunnuntaina</td> <td>on Sunday</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="additional-time-words"> Additional Time Words <a class="anchor" href="#additional-time-words">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Finnish</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>viikonloppu</td> <td>weekend</td> </tr> <tr> <td>arkipäivä</td> <td>weekday</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="relative-days"> Relative Days <a class="anchor" href="#relative-days">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Finnish</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>toissapäivänä</td> <td>the day before yesterday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>eilen</td> <td>yesterday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tänään</td> <td>today</td> </tr> <tr> <td>huomenna</td> <td>tomorrow</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ylihuomenna</td> <td>the day after tomorrow</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="example-sentences"> Example Sentences <a class="anchor" href="#example-sentences">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Q:</strong> Mikä päivä tänään on?<br> <strong>A:</strong> Tänään on maanantai. (Today is Monday.)</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/04-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-4/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/04-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-4/<h1 id="suomen-mestari-1---kappale-4-minä-"> Suomen Mestari 1 - Kappale 4: Minä 📚 <a class="anchor" href="#suomen-mestari-1---kappale-4-min%c3%a4-">#</a> </h1> <blockquote> <p><strong>Source:</strong> Suomen mestari 1<br> <strong>Chapter:</strong> Kappale 4<br> <strong>Topic:</strong> Self-introduction, family, appearance, clothing</p> </blockquote> <hr> <h2 id="text-1-olga"> Text 1: Olga <a class="anchor" href="#text-1-olga">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Minä olen Olga.</strong><br> <em>I am Olga.</em></p> <hr> <p><strong>Minä olen naimisissa Veijon kanssa.</strong><br> <em>I am married to Veijo.</em></p> <ul> <li><strong>naimisissa</strong> - married (inessive)</li> <li><strong>Veijon</strong> - Veijo&rsquo;s (genitive) [Veijo → Veijon]</li> <li><strong>kanssa</strong> - with / together with (postposition, takes genitive)</li> </ul> <blockquote> <p>&ldquo;olla naimisissa + genitive + kanssa&rdquo; = to be married to someone.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/04-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-4/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/04-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-4/https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/05-ordinal-numbers/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/05-ordinal-numbers/<h1 id="järjestysluvut---ordinal-numbers-and-dates-"> Järjestysluvut - Ordinal Numbers and Dates 📅 <a class="anchor" href="#j%c3%a4rjestysluvut---ordinal-numbers-and-dates-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="järjestysluvut-1-31"> Järjestysluvut (1-31) <a class="anchor" href="#j%c3%a4rjestysluvut-1-31">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Ordinal</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>ensimmäinen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>toinen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>kolmas</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>neljäs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>viides</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>kuudes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>seitsemäs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>kahdeksas</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>yhdeksäs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>kymmenes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>yhdestoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>kahdestoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>kolmastoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>neljästoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>viidestoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>kuudestoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>seitsemästoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>kahdeksastoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>yhdeksästoista</td> </tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>kahdeskymmenes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>kahdeskymmenesensimmäinen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>kahdeskymmenestoinen</td> </tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>kahdeskymmeneskolmas</td> </tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>kahdeskymmenesneljäs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>kahdeskymmenesviides</td> </tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>kahdeskymmeneskuudes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>kahdeskymmenesseitsemäs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>kahdeskymmeneskahdeksas</td> </tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>kahdeskymmenesyhdeksäs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>kolmaskymmenes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>kolmaskymmenesensimmäinen</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="round-tens-ordinals"> Round tens ordinals <a class="anchor" href="#round-tens-ordinals">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Ordinal</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>kahdeskymmenes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>kolmaskymmenes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>neljäskymmenes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>viideskymmenes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>kuudeskymmenes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>seitsemäskymmenes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>kahdeksaskymmenes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>yhdeksäskymmenes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>sadas</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="päiväys-dates"> Päiväys (Dates) <a class="anchor" href="#p%c3%a4iv%c3%a4ys-dates">#</a> </h2> <p>31.1.2020</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/05-pronouns-and-be/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/05-pronouns-and-be/<h1 id="persoonapronominit-ja-olla-verbi"> Persoonapronominit ja olla-verbi <a class="anchor" href="#persoonapronominit-ja-olla-verbi">#</a> </h1> <p>Personal Pronouns and Verb &ldquo;To Be&rdquo; 👤</p> <h2 id="personal-pronouns-and-olla-to-be"> Personal Pronouns and &ldquo;olla&rdquo; (to be) <a class="anchor" href="#personal-pronouns-and-olla-to-be">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Pronoun</th> <th>Finnish</th> <th>Verb</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>minä</td> <td>olen</td> <td>I am</td> </tr> <tr> <td>you (singular)</td> <td>sinä</td> <td>olet</td> <td>you are</td> </tr> <tr> <td>he/she/it</td> <td>hän/se</td> <td>on</td> <td>he/she/it is</td> </tr> <tr> <td>we</td> <td>me</td> <td>olemme</td> <td>we are</td> </tr> <tr> <td>you (plural)</td> <td>te</td> <td>olette</td> <td>you are</td> </tr> <tr> <td>they</td> <td>he/ne</td> <td>ovat</td> <td>they are</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="notes"> Notes <a class="anchor" href="#notes">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="pronouns-for-hesheit"> Pronouns for &ldquo;he/she/it&rdquo; <a class="anchor" href="#pronouns-for-hesheit">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li><strong>hän</strong> - used for people (he/she)</li> <li><strong>se</strong> - used for things and animals (it) <ul> <li>In spoken Finnish, &ldquo;se&rdquo; is also commonly used for people</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="pronouns-for-they"> Pronouns for &ldquo;they&rdquo; <a class="anchor" href="#pronouns-for-they">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li><strong>he</strong> - used for people (they)</li> <li><strong>ne</strong> - used for things and animals (they) <ul> <li>In spoken Finnish, &ldquo;ne&rdquo; is also commonly used for people</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="example-sentences"> Example Sentences <a class="anchor" href="#example-sentences">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Minä olen opiskelija. (I am a student.)</li> <li>Sinä olet suomalainen. (You are Finnish.)</li> <li>Hän on opettaja. (He/She is a teacher.)</li> <li>Me olemme Helsingissä. (We are in Helsinki.)</li> <li>Te olette ystäviä. (You are friends.)</li> <li>He ovat kiinalaisia. (They are Chinese.)</li> </ul>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/05-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-5/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/05-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-5/<h1 id="suomen-mestari-1---kappale-5-meidän-tavallinen-päivä-"> Suomen Mestari 1 - Kappale 5: Meidän tavallinen päivä 📚 <a class="anchor" href="#suomen-mestari-1---kappale-5-meid%c3%a4n-tavallinen-p%c3%a4iv%c3%a4-">#</a> </h1> <blockquote> <p><strong>Source:</strong> Suomen mestari 1<br> <strong>Chapter:</strong> Kappale 5<br> <strong>Topic:</strong> Daily routines, family life, making plans</p> </blockquote> <hr> <h2 id="text"> Text <a class="anchor" href="#text">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Minä olen Lauri Mäkelä. Olen suomalainen mies ja isä. Minulla on vaimo ja kaksi lasta.</strong><br> <em>I am Lauri Mäkelä. I am a Finnish man and a father. I have a wife and two children.</em></p> <ul> <li><strong>mies</strong> - man / husband</li> <li><strong>isä</strong> - father</li> <li><strong>vaimo</strong> - wife</li> <li><strong>kaksi lasta</strong> - two children (lasta = partitive of lapsi; numbers 2+ take partitive)</li> </ul> <hr> <p><strong>Minä herään kello 6, kun herätyskello soi.</strong><br> <em>I wake up at 6 o&rsquo;clock when the alarm clock rings.</em></p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/05-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-5/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/05-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-5/https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/06-countries-languages/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/06-countries-languages/<h1 id="maa-kansalaisuus-ja-kieli"> Maa, Kansalaisuus ja Kieli <a class="anchor" href="#maa-kansalaisuus-ja-kieli">#</a> </h1> <p>Countries, Nationalities and Languages 🌍</p> <h2 id="basic-concepts"> Basic Concepts <a class="anchor" href="#basic-concepts">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Concept</th> <th>Finnish</th> <th>Meaning in English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Country</td> <td>maa</td> <td>country</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nationality</td> <td>kansalaisuus</td> <td>nationality</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Language</td> <td>kieli</td> <td>language</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="core-sentence-patterns"> Core Sentence Patterns <a class="anchor" href="#core-sentence-patterns">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="1-where-are-you-from"> 1) Where are you from? <a class="anchor" href="#1-where-are-you-from">#</a> </h3> <p><strong>Question:</strong> Mistä sinä olet kotoisin?<br> <strong>Pattern:</strong> olla kotoisin + sta/stä<br> <strong>Answer:</strong> Olen kotoisin Suomesta. (I am from Finland.)</p> <h3 id="2-what-nationality-are-you"> 2) What nationality are you? <a class="anchor" href="#2-what-nationality-are-you">#</a> </h3> <p><strong>Question:</strong> Minkämaalainen sinä olet?<br> <strong>Pattern:</strong> olla + lainen/läinen<br> <strong>Answer:</strong> Olen suomalainen. (I am Finnish.)</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/06-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-6/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/06-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-6/<h1 id="suomen-mestari-1---kappale-6-pedro-ja-hanna-etsivät-asuntoa-"> Suomen Mestari 1 - Kappale 6: Pedro ja Hanna etsivät asuntoa 📚 <a class="anchor" href="#suomen-mestari-1---kappale-6-pedro-ja-hanna-etsiv%c3%a4t-asuntoa-">#</a> </h1> <blockquote> <p><strong>Source:</strong> Suomen mestari 1<br> <strong>Chapter:</strong> Kappale 6<br> <strong>Topic:</strong> Apartment hunting, moving in, describing a home</p> </blockquote> <hr> <h2 id="text-1-pedro-ja-hanna-etsivät-asuntoa"> Text 1: Pedro ja Hanna etsivät asuntoa <a class="anchor" href="#text-1-pedro-ja-hanna-etsiv%c3%a4t-asuntoa">#</a> </h2> <p><em>(Apartment listing)</em></p> <blockquote> <p><strong>ASUNTOILMOITUS — VUOKRALLE ANNETAAN</strong><br> 45m²　rent 870€/month + water charge 14€/person/month<br> 2 rooms + kitchen + balcony<br> Puistotie 20, Helsinki</p> <p>Well-maintained, bright two-room apartment in an apartment building in Lehtelä. Quiet location on Puistotie in a pleasant area. 3rd floor, no lift. The apartment has a small balcony. The large kitchen has space for a dining table. Sauna and laundry room are in the basement. Parking spaces in the front yard.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/06-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-6/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/06-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-6/https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/07-question-words/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/07-question-words/<h1 id="kysymyssanat---question-words-"> Kysymyssanat - Question Words ❓ <a class="anchor" href="#kysymyssanat---question-words-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="common-question-words"> Common Question Words <a class="anchor" href="#common-question-words">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>English</th> <th>Finnish</th> <th>Example Question</th> <th>Example Answer</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>who</td> <td>kuka</td> <td>Kuka sinä olet?</td> <td>Minä olen Olga.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>what + be</td> <td>mikä</td> <td>Mikä päivä tänään on?</td> <td>Tänään on maanantai.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>what + verb</td> <td>mitä</td> <td>Mitä kieltä sinä puhut?</td> <td>Minä puhun italiaa.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>when</td> <td>milloin</td> <td>Milloin kurssi on?</td> <td>Kurssi on maanantaina.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>what nationality</td> <td>minkämaalainen</td> <td>Minkämaalainen Pedro on?</td> <td>Hän on brasilialainen.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>where</td> <td>missä</td> <td>Missä te asutte?</td> <td>Me asumme Suomessa.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>from where</td> <td>mistä</td> <td>Mistä sinä olet kotoisin?</td> <td>Olen kotoisin Brasiliasta.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>to where</td> <td>mihin</td> <td>Mihin sinä menet?</td> <td>Minä menen kotiin.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>why</td> <td>miksi</td> <td>Miksi et osta jäätelöä?</td> <td>Koska minä säästän rahaa.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>how</td> <td>kuinka</td> <td>Kuinka vanha sinä olet?</td> <td>Minä olen 23 vuotta vanha.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>what kind of</td> <td>millainen</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="notes"> Notes <a class="anchor" href="#notes">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="mikä-vs-mitä"> mikä vs mitä <a class="anchor" href="#mik%c3%a4-vs-mit%c3%a4">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li><strong>mikä</strong> - used with the verb &ldquo;to be&rdquo; (olla) <ul> <li>Mikä päivä tänään on? (What day is today?)</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>mitä</strong> - used with action verbs <ul> <li>Mitä sinä teet? (What are you doing?)</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="location-words"> Location Words <a class="anchor" href="#location-words">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li><strong>missä</strong> - where (in/at a location)</li> <li><strong>mistä</strong> - from where (origin/source)</li> <li><strong>mihin</strong> - to where (destination)</li> </ul> <h2 id="example-sentences"> Example Sentences <a class="anchor" href="#example-sentences">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li><strong>Kuka</strong> hän on? (Who is he/she?)</li> <li><strong>Mikä</strong> tämä on? (What is this?)</li> <li><strong>Mitä</strong> sinä syöt? (What are you eating?)</li> <li><strong>Milloin</strong> tapaamme? (When do we meet?)</li> <li><strong>Missä</strong> sinä asut? (Where do you live?)</li> <li><strong>Mistä</strong> sinä tulet? (Where are you coming from?)</li> <li><strong>Mihin</strong> sinä menet? (Where are you going?)</li> <li><strong>Miksi</strong> sinä opiskelet suomea? (Why do you study Finnish?)</li> <li><strong>Kuinka</strong> voit? (How are you?)</li> </ul>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/07-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-7/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/07-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-7/<h1 id="suomen-mestari-1---kappale-7-kylässä-"> Suomen Mestari 1 - Kappale 7: Kylässä 📚 <a class="anchor" href="#suomen-mestari-1---kappale-7-kyl%c3%a4ss%c3%a4-">#</a> </h1> <blockquote> <p><strong>Source:</strong> Suomen mestari 1<br> <strong>Chapter:</strong> Kappale 7<br> <strong>Topic:</strong> Visiting friends, sightseeing, city vocabulary, transport</p> </blockquote> <hr> <h2 id="text-kylässä"> Text: Kylässä <a class="anchor" href="#text-kyl%c3%a4ss%c3%a4">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Viikonloppuna Pedro ja Hanna lähtevät Tampereelle.</strong><br> <em>At the weekend Pedro and Hanna set off for Tampere.</em></p> <ul> <li><strong>Viikonloppuna</strong> - at the weekend (essive) [viikonloppu → viikonloppuna]</li> <li><strong>lähtevät</strong> - they set off (lähteä, 3rd person plural)</li> <li><strong>Tampereelle</strong> - to Tampere (allative) [Tampere → Tampereelle]</li> </ul> <hr> <p><strong>Ensin he käyvät kylässä Hannan Kyllikki-tädillä.</strong><br> <em>First they visit Hanna&rsquo;s aunt Kyllikki.</em></p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/07-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-7/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/07-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-7/https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/08-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-8/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/08-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-8/<h1 id="suomen-mestari-1---kappale-8-onnea-uuteen-kotiin-"> Suomen Mestari 1 - Kappale 8: Onnea uuteen kotiin! 📚 <a class="anchor" href="#suomen-mestari-1---kappale-8-onnea-uuteen-kotiin-">#</a> </h1> <blockquote> <p><strong>Source:</strong> Suomen mestari 1<br> <strong>Chapter:</strong> Kappale 8<br> <strong>Topic:</strong> Housewarming party, food and drink, giving directions, celebrations</p> </blockquote> <hr> <h2 id="text"> Text <a class="anchor" href="#text">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Tänään on lauantai 3. syyskuuta. Illalla on Hannan ja Pedron tupaantuliaiset heidän uudessa kodissa.</strong><br> <em>Today is Saturday the 3rd of September. In the evening there is Hanna and Pedro&rsquo;s housewarming party at their new home.</em></p> <ul> <li><strong>lauantai</strong> - Saturday</li> <li><strong>3. syyskuuta</strong> - the 3rd of September (genitive for dates; syyskuu → syyskuuta)</li> <li><strong>tupaantuliaiset</strong> - housewarming party (noun, plural)</li> <li><strong>uudessa kodissa</strong> - in the new home (inessive) [uusi koti → uudessa kodissa]</li> </ul> <hr> <p><strong>Hanna: Pedro, voitko sinä käydä kaupassa? Minä imuroin ja pesen lattiat sillä aikaa.</strong><br> <em>Pedro, can you pop to the shop? I&rsquo;ll hoover and wash the floors in the meantime.</em></p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/08-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-8/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-2/08-suomen-mestari-2-chapter-8/https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/08-yes-no-questions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/08-yes-no-questions/<h1 id="kokö-kysymys---yesno-questions-"> ko/kö-kysymys - Yes/No Questions 🤔 <a class="anchor" href="#kok%c3%b6-kysymys---yesno-questions-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="what-is-kokö-question"> What is ko/kö-question? <a class="anchor" href="#what-is-kok%c3%b6-question">#</a> </h2> <p>In Finnish, yes/no questions are formed by adding <strong>-ko</strong> or <strong>-kö</strong> to the end of the verb. The verb moves to the beginning of the sentence.</p> <h2 id="how-to-form"> How to Form <a class="anchor" href="#how-to-form">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="positive-statements--questions"> Positive Statements → Questions <a class="anchor" href="#positive-statements--questions">#</a> </h3> <p><strong>Pattern:</strong> Move verb to start + add -ko/-kö</p> <h4 id="example-1"> Example 1 <a class="anchor" href="#example-1">#</a> </h4> <ul> <li>Statement: (Sinä) olet suomalainen.</li> <li>Question: Olet<strong>ko</strong> (sinä) suomalainen? <ul> <li>Are you Finnish?</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4 id="example-2"> Example 2 <a class="anchor" href="#example-2">#</a> </h4> <ul> <li>Statement: Hän asuu Suomessa.</li> <li>Question: Asuu<strong>ko</strong> hän Suomessa? <ul> <li>Does he/she live in Finland?</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3 id="negative-statements--questions"> Negative Statements → Questions <a class="anchor" href="#negative-statements--questions">#</a> </h3> <h4 id="example-3"> Example 3 <a class="anchor" href="#example-3">#</a> </h4> <ul> <li>Statement: (Sinä) et puhu englantia.</li> <li>Question: Et<strong>kö</strong> (sinä) puhu englantia? <ul> <li>Don&rsquo;t you speak English?</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="more-examples"> More Examples <a class="anchor" href="#more-examples">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Statement</th> <th>Question</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Sinä olet opiskelija.</td> <td>Oletko sinä opiskelija?</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hän puhuu suomea.</td> <td>Puhuuko hän suomea?</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Te asutte Helsingissä.</td> <td>Asutteko te Helsingissä?</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Minä olen kiinalainen.</td> <td>Olenko minä kiinalainen?</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="answering-kokö-questions"> Answering ko/kö Questions <a class="anchor" href="#answering-kok%c3%b6-questions">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li><strong>Yes:</strong> Kyllä / Joo (informal)</li> <li><strong>No:</strong> Ei / En (I don&rsquo;t) / Emme (we don&rsquo;t) / etc.</li> </ul> <p>Examples:</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/09-consonant-gradation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/09-consonant-gradation/<h1 id="konsonanttivaihtelu---kpt-variation-"> Konsonanttivaihtelu - KPT Variation 🔄 <a class="anchor" href="#konsonanttivaihtelu---kpt-variation-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="what-is-kpt-variation"> What is KPT Variation? <a class="anchor" href="#what-is-kpt-variation">#</a> </h2> <p>KPT variation is a sound change where consonants alternate between &ldquo;strong&rdquo; and &ldquo;weak&rdquo; forms depending on the syllable structure.</p> <h2 id="basic-rules"> Basic Rules <a class="anchor" href="#basic-rules">#</a> </h2> <p>Consonants change when:</p> <ul> <li>Adding endings that close/open syllables</li> <li>Conjugating verbs</li> <li>Declining nouns</li> </ul> <h2 id="strong--weak-mapping"> Strong ↔ Weak Mapping <a class="anchor" href="#strong--weak-mapping">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Strong-&gt;Weak</th> <th></th> <th>Weak-&gt;Strong</th> <th></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>kk</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>kk</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pp</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>pp</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tt</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>tt</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nt</td> <td>nn</td> <td>nn</td> <td>nt</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nk</td> <td>ng</td> <td>ng</td> <td>nk</td> </tr> <tr> <td>mp</td> <td>mm</td> <td>mm</td> <td>mp</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lt</td> <td>ll</td> <td>ll</td> <td>lt</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rt</td> <td>rr</td> <td>rr</td> <td>rt</td> </tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>t</td> </tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td>∅</td> <td>∅</td> <td>k</td> </tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td>v</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>p</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lki</td> <td>lje</td> <td>hje</td> <td>hke</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rki</td> <td>rje</td> <td>lje</td> <td>lke</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="exceptions"> Exceptions <a class="anchor" href="#exceptions">#</a> </h2> <p>KPT variation does NOT apply when:</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/09-postpositions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/09-postpositions/<h1 id="postpositiot---postpositions-"> Postpositiot - Postpositions 🗺️ <a class="anchor" href="#postpositiot---postpositions-">#</a> </h1> <p>Postpositions are words that come <strong>after</strong> a noun (unlike prepositions in English). They describe location, position, or direction and typically take the genitive case.</p> <h2 id="core-postpositions-use-this-order"> Core Postpositions (Use This Order) <a class="anchor" href="#core-postpositions-use-this-order">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Postposition</th> <th>Pattern</th> <th>Translation</th> <th>Example</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>edessä</td> <td>G + edessä</td> <td>在前面</td> <td>Pedro istuu ikkunan edessä.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>takana</td> <td>G + takana</td> <td>在后面</td> <td>Vieraat polttavat tupakkaa oven takana.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vieressä</td> <td>G + vieressä</td> <td>在旁边（并排关系）</td> <td>Pieni pöytä on sohvan vieressä.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>oikealla puolella</td> <td>G + oikealla puolella</td> <td>在右边</td> <td>Olga istuu Alexin oikealla puolella.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vasemmalla puolella</td> <td>G + vasemmalla puolella</td> <td>在左边</td> <td>Janita istuu Alexin vasemmalla puolella.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>välissä</td> <td>G + välissä</td> <td>在中间（两者中间）</td> <td>Alex istuu Olgan ja Janitan välissä.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>keskellä</td> <td>G + keskellä</td> <td>在中间（在多者中间）</td> <td>Kynttilät ovat pöydän keskellä.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ympärillä</td> <td>G + ympärillä</td> <td>在周围</td> <td>Veijo, Jenni ja Sami seisovat Pedron ympärillä.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ääressä</td> <td>G + ääressä</td> <td>在旁边（靠近边缘）</td> <td>Hanna ja Meri istuvat pöydän ääressä.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>päällä</td> <td>G + päällä</td> <td>在上面</td> <td>Lamppulaatikko on kaapin päällä.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>alla</td> <td>G + alla</td> <td>在下面</td> <td>Olgan lasi on pöydän alla.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/09-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-9/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/texts/suomen-mestari-1/09-suomen-mestari-1-chapter-9/https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/10-noun-types/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/10-noun-types/<h1 id="sanatyypit---noun-types-and-declension-"> Sanatyypit - Noun Types and Declension 📎 <a class="anchor" href="#sanatyypit---noun-types-and-declension-">#</a> </h1> <p>Finnish nouns are classified into types based on their KPT (consonant gradation) patterns and how they change across cases. Mastering noun types is the key to predicting case forms.</p> <hr> <h2 id="a-class-nouns"> A-Class Nouns <a class="anchor" href="#a-class-nouns">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Strong grade: nominative, partitive, illative</strong><br> <strong>Weak grade: genitive, 5 locative cases (inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative)</strong></p> <hr> <h3 id="words-ending-in-a-single-vowel-a-o-u-ä-ö-y"> Words ending in a single vowel (a o u ä ö y) <a class="anchor" href="#words-ending-in-a-single-vowel-a-o-u-%c3%a4-%c3%b6-y">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Genitive: weak stem + <strong>n</strong></li> <li>Partitive: + <strong>a/ä</strong></li> </ul> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Nominative</th> <th>Genitive</th> <th>Partitive</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>kala</td> <td>kalan</td> <td>kalaa</td> <td>fish</td> </tr> <tr> <td>talo</td> <td>talon</td> <td>taloa</td> <td>house</td> </tr> <tr> <td>katu</td> <td>kadun</td> <td>katua</td> <td>street</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sänky</td> <td>sängyn</td> <td>sänkyä</td> <td>bed</td> </tr> <tr> <td>katto</td> <td>katon</td> <td>kattoa</td> <td>roof</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kauppa</td> <td>kaupan</td> <td>kauppaa</td> <td>trade</td> </tr> <tr> <td>iso</td> <td>ison</td> <td>isoa</td> <td>big</td> </tr> <tr> <td>laatikko</td> <td>laatikon</td> <td>laatikkoa</td> <td>box</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vaimo</td> <td>vaimon</td> <td>vaimoa</td> <td>wife</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="words-ending-in-a-double-vowel"> Words ending in a double vowel <a class="anchor" href="#words-ending-in-a-double-vowel">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Genitive: stem + <strong>n</strong> (no KPT change; double vowel stays)</li> <li>Partitive: + <strong>ta/tä</strong></li> <li>Exception: endings in <strong>ia / ea / eä</strong> take <strong>+a/ä</strong> instead of ta/tä</li> </ul> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Nominative</th> <th>Genitive</th> <th>Partitive</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>vaikea</td> <td>vaikean</td> <td>vaikeaa</td> <td>difficult</td> </tr> <tr> <td>takuu</td> <td>takuun</td> <td>takuuta</td> <td>warranty</td> </tr> <tr> <td>museo</td> <td>museon</td> <td>museota</td> <td>museum</td> </tr> <tr> <td>korkea</td> <td>korkean</td> <td>korkeaa</td> <td>high</td> </tr> <tr> <td>viileä</td> <td>viileän</td> <td>viileätä</td> <td>cool</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <blockquote> <p>vaikea and korkea end in -ea, so partitive adds -a directly (vaikeaa), not -ta.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/10-weather/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/10-weather/<h1 id="sää-ja-lämpötila---weather-and-temperature-"> Sää ja Lämpötila - Weather and Temperature ☀️ <a class="anchor" href="#s%c3%a4%c3%a4-ja-l%c3%a4mp%c3%b6tila---weather-and-temperature-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="asking-about-weather"> Asking About Weather <a class="anchor" href="#asking-about-weather">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Millainen sää tänään on?</strong> - What&rsquo;s the weather like today?</p> <p><strong>Millainen ilma tänään on?</strong> - How&rsquo;s the weather today?</p> <p><strong>Kuinka monta astetta ulkona on?</strong> - How many degrees is it outside?</p> <h2 id="general-weather-conditions"> General Weather Conditions <a class="anchor" href="#general-weather-conditions">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Finnish</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>On kaunis ilma</td> <td>Nice weather</td> </tr> <tr> <td>On hyvä ilma</td> <td>Good weather</td> </tr> <tr> <td>On huono ilma</td> <td>Bad weather</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Note:</strong> &ldquo;On&rdquo; is used to describe weather states, not precipitation actions.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/11-seasons/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/11-seasons/<h1 id="vuodenajat-ja-vuorokausi---seasons-and-times-of-day-"> Vuodenajat ja Vuorokausi - Seasons and Times of Day 🍂 <a class="anchor" href="#vuodenajat-ja-vuorokausi---seasons-and-times-of-day-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="four-seasons"> Four Seasons <a class="anchor" href="#four-seasons">#</a> </h2> <p>The case ending <strong>-lla/-llä</strong> is used with seasons to indicate &ldquo;in/during that season&rdquo;.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Season</th> <th>Finnish</th> <th>In that season</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Winter</td> <td>talvi</td> <td>talvella</td> <td>in winter</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Spring</td> <td>kevät</td> <td>keväällä</td> <td>in spring</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Summer</td> <td>kesä</td> <td>kesällä</td> <td>in summer</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Autumn</td> <td>syksy</td> <td>syksyllä</td> <td>in autumn/fall</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="examples"> Examples <a class="anchor" href="#examples">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Kesällä on lämmin. (It&rsquo;s warm in summer.)</li> <li>Talvella sataa lunta. (It snows in winter.)</li> <li>Keväällä kukat kasvavat. (Flowers grow in spring.)</li> <li>Syksyllä lehdet putoavat. (Leaves fall in autumn.)</li> </ul> <h2 id="seasonal-expressions"> Seasonal Expressions <a class="anchor" href="#seasonal-expressions">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Finnish</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Mikä vuodenaika on?</td> <td>What season is it?</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nyt on kesä.</td> <td>Now it&rsquo;s summer.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Talvi on kylmä.</td> <td>Winter is cold.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rakastan kevättä.</td> <td>I love spring.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Syksy on kaunis.</td> <td>Autumn is beautiful.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kesä on suosikkini.</td> <td>Summer is my favorite.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vuodenajat vaihtuvat.</td> <td>The seasons change.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>neljä vuodenaikaa</td> <td>four seasons</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lämpimät vuodenajat</td> <td>warm seasons</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kylmät vuodenajat</td> <td>cold seasons</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="times-of-day-vuorokausi"> Times of Day (Vuorokausi) <a class="anchor" href="#times-of-day-vuorokausi">#</a> </h2> <p>The case ending <strong>-lla/-llä</strong> is also used to indicate &ldquo;in/during that time&rdquo;.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/12-genitive/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/12-genitive/<h1 id="genetiivi---genitive-case-"> Genetiivi - Genitive Case 📝 <a class="anchor" href="#genetiivi---genitive-case-">#</a> </h1> <p>The genitive case expresses possession or relationship, similar to the possessive &ldquo;&rsquo;s&rdquo; in English.</p> <h2 id="formation"> Formation <a class="anchor" href="#formation">#</a> </h2> <p>For words ending in a consonant, add <strong>-n</strong>.</p> <p>For words ending in a vowel, the formation depends on the word type (see noun declension patterns).</p> <h2 id="personal-pronouns-in-genitive"> Personal Pronouns in Genitive <a class="anchor" href="#personal-pronouns-in-genitive">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Nominative</th> <th>Genitive</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>minä</td> <td>minun</td> <td>my</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sinä</td> <td>sinun</td> <td>your</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hän</td> <td>hänen</td> <td>his/her</td> </tr> <tr> <td>me</td> <td>meidän</td> <td>our</td> </tr> <tr> <td>te</td> <td>teidän</td> <td>your (plural)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>he</td> <td>heidän</td> <td>their</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="usage-examples"> Usage Examples <a class="anchor" href="#usage-examples">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="possession"> Possession <a class="anchor" href="#possession">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Minun kirja (my book)</li> <li>Sinun auto (your car)</li> <li>Hänen talo (his/her house)</li> </ul> <h3 id="relationships"> Relationships <a class="anchor" href="#relationships">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Tämän talon ovi (this house&rsquo;s door)</li> <li>Suomen kieli (Finnish language / the language of Finland)</li> <li>Helsingin keskusta (Helsinki&rsquo;s center)</li> </ul> <h2 id="common-patterns"> Common Patterns <a class="anchor" href="#common-patterns">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="with-postpositions"> With Postpositions <a class="anchor" href="#with-postpositions">#</a> </h3> <p>Many postpositions require the genitive case:</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/12-months/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/12-months/<h1 id="kuukaudet---months-"> Kuukaudet - Months 📅 <a class="anchor" href="#kuukaudet---months-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="twelve-months"> Twelve Months <a class="anchor" href="#twelve-months">#</a> </h2> <p>The case ending <strong>-ssa/-ssä</strong> is used with months to indicate &ldquo;in that month&rdquo;.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Month</th> <th>In that month</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>tammikuu</td> <td>tammikuussa</td> <td>January</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>helmikuu</td> <td>helmikuussa</td> <td>February</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>maaliskuu</td> <td>maaliskuussa</td> <td>March</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>huhtikuu</td> <td>huhtikuussa</td> <td>April</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>toukokuu</td> <td>toukokuussa</td> <td>May</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>kesäkuu</td> <td>kesäkuussa</td> <td>June</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>heinäkuu</td> <td>heinäkuussa</td> <td>July</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>elokuu</td> <td>elokuussa</td> <td>August</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>syyskuu</td> <td>syyskuussa</td> <td>September</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>lokakuu</td> <td>lokakuussa</td> <td>October</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>marraskuu</td> <td>marraskuussa</td> <td>November</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>joulukuu</td> <td>joulukuussa</td> <td>December</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="examples"> Examples <a class="anchor" href="#examples">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Joulukuu on talvella. (December is in winter.)</li> <li>Minun syntymäpäivä on kesäkuussa. (My birthday is in June.)</li> <li>Helmikuu on lyhyt kuukausi. (February is a short month.)</li> <li>Toukokuussa tulee kevät. (Spring comes in May.)</li> </ul> <h2 id="month-related-expressions"> Month-Related Expressions <a class="anchor" href="#month-related-expressions">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Finnish</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Mikä kuukausi on nyt?</td> <td>What month is it now?</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Nyt on tammikuu.</td> <td>Now it&rsquo;s January.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Seuraava kuukausi on&hellip;</td> <td>The next month is&hellip;</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Viime kuussa</td> <td>Last month</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tässä kuussa</td> <td>This month</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ensi kuussa</td> <td>Next month</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kaksi kuukautta</td> <td>Two months</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kuukauden ensimmäinen päivä</td> <td>The first day of the month</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Kuukauden viimeinen päivä</td> <td>The last day of the month</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="months-by-season"> Months by Season <a class="anchor" href="#months-by-season">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Talvikuukaudet</strong> (Winter months):</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/13-partitive/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/13-partitive/<h1 id="partitiivi---partitive-case-"> Partitiivi - Partitive Case 📝 <a class="anchor" href="#partitiivi---partitive-case-">#</a> </h1> <p>The partitive case is one of the most important cases in Finnish. It indicates a partial amount or an incomplete action.</p> <h2 id="formation-rules"> Formation Rules <a class="anchor" href="#formation-rules">#</a> </h2> <ol> <li><strong>Single vowel ending</strong> (except e, some i): add <strong>-a/-ä</strong></li> <li><strong>Ending in -ia, -ea, -eä</strong>: add <strong>-a/-ä</strong></li> <li><strong>Double vowel or consonant ending</strong>: add <strong>-ta/-tä</strong></li> <li><strong>Ending in -e</strong>: add <strong>-tta/-ttä</strong></li> <li><strong>Ending in -nen</strong>: change to <strong>-sta/-stä</strong></li> </ol> <h2 id="when-to-use-partitive"> When to Use Partitive <a class="anchor" href="#when-to-use-partitive">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="1-after-numbers"> 1. After Numbers <a class="anchor" href="#1-after-numbers">#</a> </h3> <p><strong>monta</strong> + Partitive = many (countable)</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/13-possession/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/13-possession/<h1 id="omistus---possession-"> Omistus - Possession 💰 <a class="anchor" href="#omistus---possession-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="possession-structure-minulla-on"> Possession Structure (minulla on) <a class="anchor" href="#possession-structure-minulla-on">#</a> </h2> <p>Finnish expresses possession using the structure <strong>-lla/-llä + on</strong> (literally &ldquo;at me there is&rdquo;).</p> <p>This is different from English, where we say &ldquo;I have.&rdquo; In Finnish, you say &ldquo;at me there is.&rdquo;</p> <h3 id="positive-form"> Positive Form <a class="anchor" href="#positive-form">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Person</th> <th>Structure</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>minulla on</td> <td>I have</td> <td>I have</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sinulla on</td> <td>you have</td> <td>you have</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hänellä on</td> <td>he/she has</td> <td>he/she has</td> </tr> <tr> <td>meillä on</td> <td>we have</td> <td>we have</td> </tr> <tr> <td>teillä on</td> <td>you have</td> <td>you (plural) have</td> </tr> <tr> <td>heillä on</td> <td>they have</td> <td>they have</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="negative-form--lla-llä--ei-ole--partitive"> Negative Form (-lla/-llä + ei ole + Partitive) <a class="anchor" href="#negative-form--lla-ll%c3%a4--ei-ole--partitive">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Person</th> <th>Structure</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>minulla ei ole</td> <td>I don&rsquo;t have</td> <td>I don&rsquo;t have</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sinulla ei ole</td> <td>you don&rsquo;t have</td> <td>you don&rsquo;t have</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hänellä ei ole</td> <td>he/she doesn&rsquo;t have</td> <td>he/she doesn&rsquo;t have</td> </tr> <tr> <td>meillä ei ole</td> <td>we don&rsquo;t have</td> <td>we don&rsquo;t have</td> </tr> <tr> <td>teillä ei ole</td> <td>you don&rsquo;t have</td> <td>you (plural) don&rsquo;t have</td> </tr> <tr> <td>heillä ei ole</td> <td>they don&rsquo;t have</td> <td>they don&rsquo;t have</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Important:</strong> In negative sentences, the object changes to partitive case.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/14-time/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/14-time/<h1 id="kellonajat---clock-time-"> Kellonajat - Clock Time ⏰ <a class="anchor" href="#kellonajat---clock-time-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="asking-the-time"> Asking the Time <a class="anchor" href="#asking-the-time">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Mitä kello on?</strong> = What time is it?</p> <p><strong>Paljonko kello on?</strong> = What time is it? (alternative)</p> <h2 id="core-clock-patterns"> Core Clock Patterns <a class="anchor" href="#core-clock-patterns">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li>Kello on neljä.</li> <li>Kello on viisitoista yli neljä. / Kello on varttia yli neljä.</li> <li>Kello on puoli viisi.</li> <li>Kello on viisitoista vaille viisi. / Kello on varttia vaille viisi.</li> </ul> <h2 id="full-hours"> Full Hours <a class="anchor" href="#full-hours">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Kello on [number]</strong> = It&rsquo;s [number] o&rsquo;clock</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/14-location-cases/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/14-location-cases/<h1 id="paikkasijakäännökset---location-cases-"> Paikkasijakäännökset - Location Cases 📍 <a class="anchor" href="#paikkasijak%c3%a4%c3%a4nn%c3%b6kset---location-cases-">#</a> </h1> <p>Finnish has six location cases divided into two systems: internal (inside) and external (on/at surface).</p> <h2 id="internal-location-system-s-cases"> Internal Location System (S-cases) <a class="anchor" href="#internal-location-system-s-cases">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="illative-入格---mihin-where-to"> Illative (入格) - Mihin? (Where to?) <a class="anchor" href="#illative-%e5%85%a5%e6%a0%bc---mihin-where-to">#</a> </h3> <p><strong>Ending:</strong> -Vn, -hVn, -seen</p> <p>Indicates movement into something.</p> <p><strong>Formation rules:</strong></p> <ol> <li>Non-monosyllabic word ending in single vowel: double the last vowel + n</li> <li>Non-monosyllabic word ending in two different vowels: double the last vowel + n</li> <li>Monosyllabic word ending in two vowels: +hVn (V = last vowel)</li> <li>Non-monosyllabic word ending in double same vowel: +seen</li> </ol> <p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/15-demonstrative-pronouns/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/15-demonstrative-pronouns/<h1 id="demonstratiivipronominit---demonstrative-pronouns-"> Demonstratiivipronominit - Demonstrative Pronouns 👉 <a class="anchor" href="#demonstratiivipronominit---demonstrative-pronouns-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="basic-forms"> Basic Forms <a class="anchor" href="#basic-forms">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Singular</th> <th>English</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>tämä</td> <td>this</td> <td>nämä</td> <td>these</td> </tr> <tr> <td>tuo</td> <td>that</td> <td>nuo</td> <td>those</td> </tr> <tr> <td>se</td> <td>it (mentioned before)</td> <td>ne</td> <td>they (things mentioned before)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="case-declension"> Case Declension <a class="anchor" href="#case-declension">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="singular-forms"> Singular Forms <a class="anchor" href="#singular-forms">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Case</th> <th>tämä</th> <th>tuo</th> <th>se</th> <th>mikä</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Nominative</td> <td>tämä</td> <td>tuo</td> <td>se</td> <td>mikä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Partitive</td> <td>tätä</td> <td>tuota</td> <td>sitä</td> <td>mitä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Genitive</td> <td>tämän</td> <td>tuon</td> <td>sen</td> <td>minkä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Illative (S-MIHIN)</td> <td>tähän</td> <td>tuohon</td> <td>siihen</td> <td>mihin</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Inessive (S-MISSÄ)</td> <td>tässä</td> <td>tuossa</td> <td>siinä</td> <td>missä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elative (S-MISTÄ)</td> <td>tästä</td> <td>tuosta</td> <td>siitä</td> <td>mistä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Allative (L-MIHIN)</td> <td>tälle</td> <td>tuolle</td> <td>sille</td> <td>mille</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Adessive (L-MISSÄ)</td> <td>tällä</td> <td>tuolla</td> <td>sillä</td> <td>millä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ablative (L-MISTÄ)</td> <td>tältä</td> <td>tuolta</td> <td>siltä</td> <td>miltä</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="plural-forms"> Plural Forms <a class="anchor" href="#plural-forms">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Case</th> <th>Plural</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Nominative</td> <td>nämä / nuo / ne / mitkä</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="usage-examples"> Usage Examples <a class="anchor" href="#usage-examples">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="tämä-this"> tämä (this) <a class="anchor" href="#t%c3%a4m%c3%a4-this">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Tämä talo on minun kotitalo. (This house is my home.)</li> <li>Tämä on hyvä idea. (This is a good idea.)</li> </ul> <h3 id="tuo-that"> tuo (that) <a class="anchor" href="#tuo-that">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Tuo vanha talo on kaunis. (That old house is beautiful.)</li> <li>Kuka tuo mies on? (Who is that man?)</li> </ul> <h3 id="se-it---previously-mentioned"> se (it - previously mentioned) <a class="anchor" href="#se-it---previously-mentioned">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Se on museo. (It is a museum.)</li> <li>Se on kallista. (It is expensive.)</li> </ul> <h3 id="nämä-these"> nämä (these) <a class="anchor" href="#n%c3%a4m%c3%a4-these">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Nämä mustat kengät maksavat 65 euroa. (These black shoes cost 65 euros.)</li> <li>Nämä ovat hyviä. (These are good.)</li> </ul> <h3 id="nuo-those"> nuo (those) <a class="anchor" href="#nuo-those">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Mitä nuo ruskeat kengät maksavat? (What do those brown shoes cost?)</li> <li>Ne maksavat 79 euroa. (They cost 79 euros.)</li> </ul> <h3 id="ne-they---things-previously-mentioned"> ne (they - things previously mentioned) <a class="anchor" href="#ne-they---things-previously-mentioned">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li>Ne maksavat 79 euroa. (They cost 79 euros.)</li> <li>Ne ovat pöydällä. (They are on the table.)</li> </ul> <h2 id="location-adverbs-related"> Location Adverbs (Related) <a class="anchor" href="#location-adverbs-related">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="täällä---tuolla---siellä-system"> täällä - tuolla - siellä System <a class="anchor" href="#t%c3%a4%c3%a4ll%c3%a4---tuolla---siell%c3%a4-system">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Question</th> <th>tää-</th> <th>tuo-</th> <th>sii-</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Mihin? (Where to?)</td> <td>tänne</td> <td>tuonne</td> <td>sinne</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Missä? (Where?)</td> <td>täällä</td> <td>tuolla</td> <td>siellä</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mistä? (Where from?)</td> <td>täältä</td> <td>tuolta</td> <td>sieltä</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Usage:</strong></p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/15-imperative/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/15-imperative/<h1 id="käskymuoto---imperative-mood-"> Käskymuoto - Imperative Mood 📢 <a class="anchor" href="#k%c3%a4skymuoto---imperative-mood-">#</a> </h1> <p>The imperative is used to give commands, instructions, or make requests.</p> <h2 id="formation-sinä-person"> Formation (sinä-person) <a class="anchor" href="#formation-sin%c3%a4-person">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Verb Type</th> <th>Infinitive</th> <th>Stem (1st person)</th> <th>Positive Imperative</th> <th>Negative Imperative</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Type 1</td> <td>lukea (read)</td> <td>luen</td> <td>Lue!</td> <td>Älä lue!</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Type 2</td> <td>syödä (eat)</td> <td>syön</td> <td>Syö!</td> <td>Älä syö!</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Type 3</td> <td>tulla (come)</td> <td>tulen</td> <td>Tule!</td> <td>Älä tule!</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Type 4</td> <td>avata (open)</td> <td>avaan</td> <td>Avaa!</td> <td>Älä avaa!</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Type 5</td> <td>valita (choose)</td> <td>valitsen</td> <td>Valitse!</td> <td>Älä valitse!</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Formation Rule:</strong> The imperative is formed from the first person singular stem (without the -n).</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/15-transportation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/15-transportation/<h1 id="kulkuvälineet---transportation-"> Kulkuvälineet - Transportation 🚌 <a class="anchor" href="#kulkuv%c3%a4lineet---transportation-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="transportation-methods"> Transportation Methods <a class="anchor" href="#transportation-methods">#</a> </h2> <p>The adessive case <strong>-lla/-llä</strong> is used to express means of transportation, meaning &ldquo;by [vehicle].&rdquo;</p> <h3 id="common-vehicles"> Common Vehicles <a class="anchor" href="#common-vehicles">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Finnish</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>autolla</td> <td>by car</td> </tr> <tr> <td>polkupyörällä</td> <td>by bicycle</td> </tr> <tr> <td>junalla</td> <td>by train</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lentokoneella</td> <td>by airplane</td> </tr> <tr> <td>taksilla</td> <td>by taxi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>bussilla</td> <td>by bus</td> </tr> <tr> <td>metrolla</td> <td>by metro</td> </tr> <tr> <td>laivalla</td> <td>by ship/boat</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ratikalla</td> <td>by tram</td> </tr> <tr> <td>moottoripyörällä</td> <td>by motorcycle</td> </tr> <tr> <td>skoott erilla</td> <td>by scooter</td> </tr> <tr> <td>veneellä</td> <td>by boat</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="walking"> Walking <a class="anchor" href="#walking">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Special case:</strong> For walking, use <strong>kävellen</strong> (by walking/on foot) instead of the -lla/-llä pattern.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/16-milloin/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/16-milloin/<h1 id="ajan-ilmaisut-milloin---time-expressions-"> Ajan Ilmaisut (Milloin) - Time Expressions 🗓️ <a class="anchor" href="#ajan-ilmaisut-milloin---time-expressions-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="milloin---when"> Milloin? - When? <a class="anchor" href="#milloin---when">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="kello-time-"> Kello (Time) ⏰ <a class="anchor" href="#kello-time-">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Suomi</th> <th style="text-align: left">English</th> <th style="text-align: left">Esimerkki (Example)</th> <th style="text-align: left">Taivutus (Case)</th> <th style="text-align: left">Huomio (Note)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>neljältä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">at four o&rsquo;clock</td> <td style="text-align: left">Tavataan neljältä. (Let&rsquo;s meet at four.)</td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>-lta/-ltä</strong> (Ablative)</td> <td style="text-align: left">Kysymys: <strong>Mille?</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>kahdeksalta</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">at eight o&rsquo;clock</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>puoli kahdeksalta</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">at half past seven (7:30)</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="vuorokaudenaika-time-of-day-"> Vuorokaudenaika (Time of day) ☀️🌙 <a class="anchor" href="#vuorokaudenaika-time-of-day-">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Suomi</th> <th style="text-align: left">English</th> <th style="text-align: left">Esimerkki (Example)</th> <th style="text-align: left">Taivutus (Case)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>aamulla</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">in the morning</td> <td style="text-align: left">Aamulla on hiljaista. (It&rsquo;s quiet in the morning.)</td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>-lla/-llä</strong> (Adessive)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>päivällä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">during the day</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>illalla</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">in the evening</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>yöllä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">at night</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Suomi</th> <th style="text-align: left">English</th> <th style="text-align: left">Esimerkki (Example)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>viime yönä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">last night</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>tänä aamuna, iltana, yönä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">this morning, evening, night</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>ensi yönä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">next night</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>kesällä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">in the summer</td> <td style="text-align: left">Matkustan kesällä. (I travel in the summer.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>keväällä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">in the spring</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>syksyllä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">in the autumn</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>talvella</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">in the winter</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="päivä-day--päiväys-date-"> Päivä (Day) &amp; Päiväys (Date) 📅 <a class="anchor" href="#p%c3%a4iv%c3%a4-day--p%c3%a4iv%c3%a4ys-date-">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Suomi</th> <th style="text-align: left">English</th> <th style="text-align: left">Esimerkki (Example)</th> <th style="text-align: left">Taivutus (Case)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>Minä päivänä?</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">On what day?</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>-na/-nä</strong> (Essive)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>maanantaina</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">on Monday</td> <td style="text-align: left">Tapaan hänet maanantaina. (I&rsquo;ll meet him on Monday.)</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>viikonloppuna</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">on the weekend</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>jouluna</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">at Christmas</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>eräänä päivänä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">one day</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Suomi</th> <th style="text-align: left">English</th> <th style="text-align: left">Esimerkki (Example)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>viime lauantaina</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">last Saturday</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>tänä sunnuntaina</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">this Sunday</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>ensi viikonloppuna</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">next weekend</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>tänä tiistaina</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">this Tuesday</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>Huom. vrk</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">Note: <strong>vrk</strong> (day/24 hours)</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Suomi</th> <th style="text-align: left">English</th> <th style="text-align: left">Esimerkki (Example)</th> <th style="text-align: left">Taivutus (Case)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>16. marraskuuta 2022</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">on November 16, 2022</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>-ta/-tä</strong> (Partitive)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="viikko-week--kuukausi-month--vuosi-year-"> Viikko (Week) &amp; Kuukausi (Month) &amp; Vuosi (Year) 🗓️ <a class="anchor" href="#viikko-week--kuukausi-month--vuosi-year-">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Suomi</th> <th style="text-align: left">English</th> <th style="text-align: left">Kysymys (Question)</th> <th style="text-align: left">Taivutus (Case)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>viime viikolla</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">last week</td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>Millä viikolla?</strong> (In which week?)</td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>-lla/-llä</strong> (Adessive)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>tällä viikolla</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">this week</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>seuraavalla viikolla</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">the following week</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>ensi viikolla</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">next week</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>viime kuussa</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">last month</td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>Missä kuussa?</strong> (In which month?)</td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>-ssa/-ssä</strong> (Inessive)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>tässä kuussa</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">this month</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>ensi kuussa</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">next month</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>tammikuussa</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">in January</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>viime kesäkuussa</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">last June</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>vuonna 1968</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">in the year 1968</td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>Minä vuonna?</strong> (In which year?)</td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>-na/-nä</strong> (Essive)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>viime vuonna</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">last year</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>tänä vuonna</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">this year</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>ensi vuonna</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">next year</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h2 id="muut-aikamääreet---other-time-markers-"> Muut Aikamääreet - Other Time Markers ⏱️ <a class="anchor" href="#muut-aikam%c3%a4%c3%a4reet---other-time-markers-">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="-stá-stä-elative---since--from"> -stá/-stä (Elative) - Since / From <a class="anchor" href="#-st%c3%a1-st%c3%a4-elative---since--from">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Suomi</th> <th style="text-align: left">English</th> <th style="text-align: left">Esimerkki (Example)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>kolmen viikon päästä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">in three weeks&rsquo; time</td> <td style="text-align: left">Uusi kurssi alkaa kolmen viikon päästä. (The new course starts in three weeks.)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>parin kuukauden kuluttua</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">after a couple of months</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>-vuotta sitten</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">[number] years ago</td> <td style="text-align: left">Muutin Suomeen neljä ja puoli vuotta sitten. (I moved to Finland four and a half years ago.)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="kuinka-kauan---how-long-duration-"> Kuinka kauan? - How long (duration)? ⏳ <a class="anchor" href="#kuinka-kauan---how-long-duration-">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Suomi</th> <th style="text-align: left">English</th> <th style="text-align: left">Esimerkki (Example)</th> <th style="text-align: left">Taivutus (Case)</th> <th style="text-align: left">Huomio (Note)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>kaksi viikkoa</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">for two weeks</td> <td style="text-align: left">Olemme matkalla kaksi viikkoa. (We are travelling for two weeks.)</td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>Partitive</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">Kysymys: <strong>Kuinka kauan?</strong> (Duration)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>kolme tuntia</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">for three hours</td> <td style="text-align: left">Opiskelin ensin kolme tuntia ja lähdin sitten ulos. (First I studied for three hours, and then I went outside.)</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>viikon</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">for a week</td> <td style="text-align: left">Olimme matkalla viikon. (We travelled for a week.)</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>tunnin</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">for an hour</td> <td style="text-align: left">Opiskelin ensin tunnin ja lähdin sitten ulos. (First I studied for an hour, and then I went outside.)</td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> <td style="text-align: left"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Suomi</th> <th style="text-align: left">English</th> <th style="text-align: left">Esimerkki (Example)</th> <th style="text-align: left">Taivutus (Case)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>kahdeksi viikoksi</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">for two weeks (purpose)</td> <td style="text-align: left">Lähdemme matkalle kahdeksi viikoksi. (We are leaving for a trip for two weeks.)</td> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>Translative</strong> (-ksi)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="vastakohdat---opposites-"> Vastakohdat - Opposites ↔️ <a class="anchor" href="#vastakohdat---opposites-">#</a> </h3> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align: left">Suomi (Finnish)</th> <th style="text-align: left">English</th> <th style="text-align: left">Esimerkki (Example)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>aikaisin</strong> ↔️ <strong>myöhään</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">early ↔️ late</td> <td style="text-align: left">Juna lähtee todella <strong>aikaisin</strong> aamulla, kello 5.30. Tulemme silti perille hyvin <strong>myöhään</strong>, vasta kello 23.45. (The train leaves really <strong>early</strong> in the morning&hellip; We still arrive very <strong>late</strong>&hellip;)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left"><strong>ajoissa</strong> ↔️ <strong>myöhässä</strong></td> <td style="text-align: left">on time ↔️ late (status)</td> <td style="text-align: left">Kokous alkoi kello 9. Muut tulivat <strong>ajoissa</strong>, mutta Jussi oli <strong>myöhässä</strong>. Hän saapui vasta kello 9.15. (The meeting started at 9. Others arrived <strong>on time</strong>, but Jussi was <strong>late</strong>.)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/16-verb-types/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/16-verb-types/<h1 id="verb-types"> Verb Types <a class="anchor" href="#verb-types">#</a> </h1> <p>Finnish verbs are classified into 6 types based on their infinitive endings. Each type follows specific rules for forming the verb stem and applying KPT variation.</p> <h2 id="type-1-verbs-ending-in-double-vowels"> Type 1: Verbs Ending in Double Vowels <a class="anchor" href="#type-1-verbs-ending-in-double-vowels">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Stem formation:</strong> Remove the final <strong>a/ä</strong></p> <p><strong>KPT application:</strong> Yes</p> <ul> <li>Infinitive &amp; 3rd person: Strong grade</li> <li>1st &amp; 2nd person: Weak grade</li> </ul> <h3 id="examples"> Examples <a class="anchor" href="#examples">#</a> </h3> <p><strong>puhua</strong> (to speak) - stem: <strong>puhu-</strong></p> <ul> <li>minä puhun (I speak)</li> <li>sinä puhut (you speak)</li> <li>hän puhuu (he/she speaks)</li> <li>me puhumme (we speak)</li> <li>te puhutte (you all speak)</li> <li>he puhuvat (they speak)</li> </ul> <p><strong>asua</strong> (to live) - stem: <strong>asu-</strong></p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/17-directions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/17-directions/<h1 id="tien-neuvominen---asking-and-giving-directions-"> Tien neuvominen - Asking and Giving Directions 🗺️ <a class="anchor" href="#tien-neuvominen---asking-and-giving-directions-">#</a> </h1> <h2 id="asking-for-directions"> Asking for Directions <a class="anchor" href="#asking-for-directions">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li><strong>Anteeksi, tiedättekö, missä on Mariankatu?</strong> <ul> <li>Excuse me, do you know where Mariankatu is?</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Miten pääsen täältä keskustaan?</strong> <ul> <li>How do I get to the city center from here?</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Saanko ajo-ohjeet?</strong> <ul> <li>Can I get directions?</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Onko asemalle pitkä matka?</strong> <ul> <li>Is it a long way to the station?</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Onko asema kaukana?</strong> <ul> <li>Is the station far away?</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="distance"> Distance <a class="anchor" href="#distance">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li><strong>Se on lähellä.</strong> (It is near.)</li> <li><strong>Se on kaukana.</strong> (It is far.)</li> </ul> <h2 id="giving-directions"> Giving Directions <a class="anchor" href="#giving-directions">#</a> </h2> <ul> <li><strong>Mene Mariankatua suoraan eteenpäin.</strong> <ul> <li>Go straight ahead along Mariankatu.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Käänny vasemmalle.</strong> <ul> <li>Turn left.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Käänny oikealle.</strong> <ul> <li>Turn right.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Käänny Mariankadulle.</strong> <ul> <li>Turn onto Mariankatu.</li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Käänny risteyksestä vasemmalle.</strong> <ul> <li>Turn left at the intersection.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2 id="words"> Words <a class="anchor" href="#words">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Finnish</th> <th>English</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>risteys</td> <td>intersection</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kadunkulma</td> <td>street corner</td> </tr> <tr> <td>liikennevalot</td> <td>traffic lights</td> </tr> <tr> <td>liikenneympyrä</td> <td>roundabout</td> </tr> <tr> <td>suojatie</td> <td>crosswalk</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="mini-dialogue"> Mini Dialogue <a class="anchor" href="#mini-dialogue">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>A:</strong> Anteeksi, tiedättekö, missä on Mariankatu?<br> <strong>B:</strong> Kyllä. Mene suoraan eteenpäin ja käänny vasemmalle risteyksestä.<br> <strong>A:</strong> Kiitos!<br> <strong>B:</strong> Ole hyvä.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/17-imperfect/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/17-imperfect/<h1 id="imperfekti---past-tense-"> Imperfekti - Past Tense ⏰ <a class="anchor" href="#imperfekti---past-tense-">#</a> </h1> <p>The imperfect tense (imperfekti) is used to express actions that happened in the past. It&rsquo;s the most common past tense in Finnish.</p> <h2 id="when-to-use-imperfect"> When to Use Imperfect <a class="anchor" href="#when-to-use-imperfect">#</a> </h2> <ol> <li> <p><strong>An action is finished and complete</strong> - Tapahtuma on ohi, loppu, valmis</p> <ul> <li>Asuin Saksassa 1997-1999. (I lived in Germany 1997-1999.)</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>A specific time is mentioned</strong> - Sanotaan, milloin</p> <ul> <li>Liisa osti eilen auton. (Liisa bought a car yesterday.)</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <p><strong>General rule:</strong> When telling what happened in the past, use the imperfect tense.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/18-opinions-and-sensory-verbs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/expressions/18-opinions-and-sensory-verbs/<h1 id="opinions-and-sensory-verbs-"> Opinions and Sensory Verbs 👃👂 <a class="anchor" href="#opinions-and-sensory-verbs-">#</a> </h1> <p>This guide covers how to express opinions, perceptions, and sensory experiences in Finnish.</p> <h2 id="expressing-opinions-minusta"> Expressing Opinions (Minusta&hellip;) <a class="anchor" href="#expressing-opinions-minusta">#</a> </h2> <p>To express an opinion in Finnish, use the structure: <strong>[Person in genitive/allative] + mielestä/mukaan + opinion</strong></p> <h3 id="using--sta-stä-from-someones-perspective"> Using -sta/-stä (From Someone&rsquo;s Perspective) <a class="anchor" href="#using--sta-st%c3%a4-from-someones-perspective">#</a> </h3> <p>Pattern: <strong>[Person in genitive] + -sta/-stä + [thing in partitive]</strong></p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Example</th> <th>Translation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Minusta suklaajäätelö on hyvää.</td> <td>In my opinion, chocolate ice cream is good.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sinusta se on vaikea.</td> <td>In your opinion, it&rsquo;s difficult.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hänestä Helsinki on kiva kesäkaupunki.</td> <td>In his/her opinion, Helsinki is a nice summer city.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pedrosta pastasalaatti on hyvää.</td> <td>In Pedro&rsquo;s opinion, pasta salad is good.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="key-phrases-for-opinions"> Key Phrases for Opinions <a class="anchor" href="#key-phrases-for-opinions">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li><strong>Minusta se on&hellip;</strong> (In my opinion, it&rsquo;s&hellip;)</li> <li><strong>Sinusta se on&hellip;</strong> (In your opinion, it&rsquo;s&hellip;)</li> <li><strong>Hänestä se on&hellip;</strong> (In his/her opinion, it&rsquo;s&hellip;)</li> <li><strong>Heistä se on&hellip;</strong> (In their opinion, it&rsquo;s&hellip;)</li> </ul> <p>Common opinion adjectives (used in partitive):</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/18-present-perfect/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/18-present-perfect/<h1 id="perfekti---present-perfect-tense-"> Perfekti - Present Perfect Tense ✅ <a class="anchor" href="#perfekti---present-perfect-tense-">#</a> </h1> <p>The present perfect (<em>perfekti</em>) links the past to the present: something still continues, its result is visible now, no exact time is given, or it is an experience. For <strong>completed events at a specific time</strong>, Finnish uses the <strong>imperfect</strong> (<em>imperfekti</em>) instead — see <a href="17-imperfect.md">Imperfect tense</a>.</p> <h2 id="formation"> Formation <a class="anchor" href="#formation">#</a> </h2> <p><strong>Structure:</strong> <strong>olla</strong> (present) + <strong>past participle</strong> (<em>-nut / -nyt</em> singular, <em>-neet</em> plural).</p> <p>Take the <strong>past participle stem</strong> (e.g. <em>lukea</em> → <em>luke-</em>) and add the ending that matches vowel harmony and number.</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/19-passive/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/19-passive/<h1 id="passiivi---passive-voice-"> Passiivi - Passive Voice 🔄 <a class="anchor" href="#passiivi---passive-voice-">#</a> </h1> <p>The passive voice in Finnish is used when the action is more important than who performs it, or when the agent is unknown, obvious, or irrelevant.</p> <h2 id="formation"> Formation <a class="anchor" href="#formation">#</a> </h2> <p>The Finnish passive is formed by adding <strong>-taan/-tään</strong> to the verb stem (or first infinitive for types 2-6):</p> <h3 id="structure-by-verb-type"> Structure by Verb Type <a class="anchor" href="#structure-by-verb-type">#</a> </h3> <h4 id="verb-type-1-direct-stem---taan-tään"> <strong>Verb Type 1:</strong> Direct stem + -taan/-tään <a class="anchor" href="#verb-type-1-direct-stem---taan-t%c3%a4%c3%a4n">#</a> </h4> <p>Most Type 1 verbs add -taan/-tään directly to the stem:</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/20-relative-pronouns/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/20-relative-pronouns/<h1 id="suhteellinen-pronomi-joka---relative-pronouns-"> Suhteellinen Pronomi: joka - Relative Pronouns 🔗 <a class="anchor" href="#suhteellinen-pronomi-joka---relative-pronouns-">#</a> </h1> <p>The relative pronoun joka (that, which, who) is used to introduce relative clauses that provide additional information about a noun.</p> <h2 id="two-uses-of-relative-joka"> Two Uses of Relative joka <a class="anchor" href="#two-uses-of-relative-joka">#</a> </h2> <h3 id="1-as-an-adjectivedeterminer-eachevery"> 1. As an Adjective/Determiner: Each/Every <a class="anchor" href="#1-as-an-adjectivedeterminer-eachevery">#</a> </h3> <ul> <li><strong>joka päivä</strong> = each day</li> <li><strong>Opiskelen suomea joka päivä.</strong> (I study Finnish every day.)</li> <li><strong>Hän käy lenkillä joka päivä.</strong> (He/she goes for a jog every day.)</li> <li><strong>joka kerta</strong> = each time</li> </ul> <h3 id="2-as-a-relative-pronoun-main-usage"> 2. As a Relative Pronoun (Main Usage) <a class="anchor" href="#2-as-a-relative-pronoun-main-usage">#</a> </h3> <p>The relative clause introduced by <em>joka</em> modifies a noun in the main clause:</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/21-indefinite-pronouns/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/21-indefinite-pronouns/<h1 id="määrittämättömät-pronominit---indefinite-pronouns-"> Määrittämättömät Pronominit - Indefinite Pronouns ❓ <a class="anchor" href="#m%c3%a4%c3%a4ritt%c3%a4m%c3%a4tt%c3%b6m%c3%a4t-pronominit---indefinite-pronouns-">#</a> </h1> <p>Indefinite pronouns refer to persons or things in a general or non-specific way. Finnish divides them into pronouns for people (joku/ei kukaan) and things (jokin/ei mikään).</p> <h2 id="basic-forms-four-way-overview"> Basic Forms (four-way overview) <a class="anchor" href="#basic-forms-four-way-overview">#</a> </h2> <table> <thead> <tr> <th></th> <th><strong>Someone</strong></th> <th><strong>No one</strong></th> <th><strong>Something</strong></th> <th><strong>Nothing</strong></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Use</strong></td> <td>person (<em>ihminen</em>)</td> <td>person + negative clause</td> <td>thing (<em>asia</em>, <em>esine</em>)</td> <td>thing + negative clause</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>Core words</strong></td> <td><strong>joku</strong></td> <td><strong>ei</strong> … <strong>kukaan</strong></td> <td><strong>jokin</strong></td> <td><strong>ei</strong> … <strong>mikään</strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>In negatives, the finite verb is <strong>ei</strong> and the pronoun uses the <strong>-kaan/-kään</strong> series (<em>kukaan ei</em>, <em>en … ketään</em>, <em>ei … mitään</em>, …).</p>https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/22-third-infinitive-minen/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://chenyicheng1998.github.io/Finnish-Notes/docs/grammar/22-third-infinitive-minen/<h1 id="third-infinitive--ma---mä--minen-and-verb-rection"> Third infinitive (-ma / -mä), <em>-minen</em>, and verb rection <a class="anchor" href="#third-infinitive--ma---m%c3%a4--minen-and-verb-rection">#</a> </h1> <p>This page ties together the <strong>third infinitive</strong> (the <em>-ma/-mä</em> form), <strong>verbal nouns in <em>-minen</em></strong>, verbs that take the <strong>illative <em>-maan/-mään</em></strong>, and <strong>verb rection</strong> (<em>rektio</em>) — which case or form a verb requires after it.</p> <h2 id="overview-infinitive-forms-of-puhua"> Overview: infinitive forms of <em>puhua</em> <a class="anchor" href="#overview-infinitive-forms-of-puhua">#</a> </h2> <p>Finnish has several <strong>infinitives</strong>. Below, <strong>active</strong> vs. <strong>passive</strong> is shown where the distinction is usual (based on <em>puhua</em>). A dash means the form is not used or is marginal in that slot.</p>